The 4 Macedonian Wars

The First Macedonian War was a diversion during the Punic Wars. It was brought on by the alliance of Philip V of Macedonia and Hannibal of Carthage (following Philips naval expedition against Illyria in 216 and then again, in 214 followed by land-based conquests). Philip and Rome settled with each other so Rome could go focus on Carthage. The Greeks seem to have called the war the Aetolian War, according to ​Rome Enters the Greek East, by Arthur M. Eckstein  because it was fought between Philip and his allies on the one side and the Aetolian League and its allies, which included Rome. Rome officially declared war on Macedon in 214, but major operations began in 211, which is often listed as the start of the war, according to Eckstein. The Greeks had been engaged, recently, in their own Social War. It lasted from 220-217 on the occasion of Philip suddenly deciding to make peace with Aetolia. Between the 2nd and 3rd Macedonian War, the Aetolian League asked Antiochus of Syria to help them against Rome. When Antiochus obliged, Rome sent in its legions to expel the Seleucids. Antiochus signed the Treaty of Apamea (188 B.C.), surrendering 15,000 talents of silver. This is the Seleucid War (192-188). It included a Roman victory at Thermopylae (191) near the spot where the Spartans had once so famously lost to the Persians. The Second Macedonian War The second Macedonian War started as a powerplay between the Seleucids of Syria and Macedonia, with the weaker area powers suffering in the crossfire. They called to Rome for help. Rome decided Macedon constituted a threat, and so helped. In the Second Macedonian War, Rome officially freed Greece from Philip and Macedonia. Macedonia was moved back to its Philip II borders and Rome acquired or freed territories south of Thessaly. The Third Macedonian War The Third Macedonian War was fought against Philips son Perseus who had moved against the Greeks. Rome declared war and divided Macedonia into 4 republics. After each of the first three Macedonian wars, the Romans went back to Rome after punishing or otherwise dealing with the Macedonians and receiving some reward from the Greeks. The Fourth Macedonian War When the Fourth Macedonian War began, as the result of a Macedonian rebellion, fomented by a man who claimed to be Perseus son, Rome again stepped in. This time, Rome stayed in Macedonia. Macedonia and Epirus were made a Roman province. The Aftermath of the Fourth Macedonian War The Greeks Achaean League tried unsuccessfully to get rid of the Romans. Their city of Corinth was destroyed for its part in an uprising in 146 B.C. Rome had expanded its empire.

Cbt and Diversity - 1191 Words

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is recommended by the NICE guidelines as an effective treatment for many mental health problems, specifically depression and all of the anxiety disorders. But is it a therapy open to all? When Professor Lord Layard wrote his paper: â€Å"Mental Health: Britain’s Biggest Social Problem?† in 2005, he noted that: â€Å"16% of adults of working age have a mental illness† Of these 16%, he stated that, only a quarter were utilising any type of treatment. It was this sort of finding that lead to his recommendation to increase accessibility to proven therapies such as CBT. This was achieved with the roll out of the Improved Access to Psychological Therapy (IAPT) programme. The diagram below shows how the IAPT†¦show more content†¦They have created a game called â€Å"gNAtenboroughs Island† which is played by the youngster alongside a therapist. Each session introduces another core CBT concept to the young person, such as the connection between thoughts, feelings and behaviours. These are presented in a non-threatening way and also a way that may be more engaging to this age group. Cerangolu (2010) found that video games could enhance the therapeutic experience. They could help facilitate the therapeutic relationship as young people may be more willing to relate to a therapist that is ready to engage and understand their normal way of playing. Also sitting side by side rather than at the conventional â€Å"ten to two† setting also may make the young person relax. How the game is played can also reveal the young person cognitive style. As technology develops so do the opportunities to engage young people in therapy. Apps for smartphones are constantly being developed that allow the young person to access their homework in a more user friendly way, to record their thoughts and emotions instantaneously. To allow them to engage in therapy in the same way that they engage in their life. Homework may be a part of CBT therapy that causes a young person to disengage, especially as the very word may cause them to have negative connotations. Gaynor et al (2006) found that compliance toward completing homework dropped the further into therapy a young person was. It is important that theShow MoreRelatedObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1260 Words   |  6 Pagesconfirming any diagnosis with a mental health client, it is imperative social workers develop the appropriate theoretical conceptualization. The theoretical conceptualization can often involve one or more theories that best suit the client. Cultural diversity is a significant factor in developing treatment for clients and must not be disregarded. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a significant mental illness that individuals should not take lightheartedly (Szigethy,Read MoreEffectiveness Of Chosen Intervention For Children With Refugee And Asylee Youth1273 Words   |  6 Pageswith refugee and asylee youth. The pliability of CBT allows this intervention to mold to the unique needs of this population and serve the vast degree of trauma and mental health conditions this population is vulnerable to. CBT provides an opportunity to research a variety of symptoms related to the refugee experience, including PTSD and depression, to combat the vast amount of trauma this population often has experienced (Murray et. al., 2008). CBT is a malleable therapy that has been explored andRead MoreExploring Gottman Method Therapy And Cognitive Behavioral Individual Therapy1483 Words   |  6 Pagesconceptualization to meet the needs of diverse clients. For this paper, I will be examining the diversity within couples and families through the lens of intercultural marriage. Biever, Bobele and North (1998) stated that the term intercultural represents a broader range of cultural variables on which couples differ, in particular differences within race, ethnicity and/or religion. For this paper, the specific diversity emphasis is with two clients each from a different races, different religion, or differentRead MoreDr. Kay s Cognitive Ability And Illness s Prognosis766 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the literature analyzed, the most effective therapy depends on Mrs. Kay’s cognitive ability and illness’s prognosis. Therefore, the social worker believes that CBT would be the best form of therapy her. In hopes to analyze and relate Mrs. Kay’s current state to both therapies, the social worker will begin analyzing ego psychology. Ego psychology in the form of life review or reminiscence project would be beneficial, if her ego was better developed at the time. This would allow her theRead MoreSteps Transformational Process : A Medical Ready Force And Deliver Prevention Focused1048 Words   |  5 Pagesready force and deliver prevention-focused, easily accessible Healthcare to our Active Duty Air Force Community. Vision: â€Å"Premier Medics, Unrivaled Care† Five Step Transformational Process Step 1. Discovery (what has been done in the areas of diversity and team building) My observations for the last two months while assigned to the 43d Medical Squadron has been very positive. My unit is very diverse demographically, cognitively, organizationally, and globally. My squadron has the following demographicRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy1617 Words   |  7 Pagesand observable conditions he believed mind and motive had been given too much attention (Corey, 2013). Albert Bandura and his colleague’s did brilliant work in the area of social modeling validating modeling as a powerful method clarifying the diversity of ways people learn. In the 1980s Bandura had renamed the theoretical approach to Social Cognitive Theory which helped us understand how we work as self-regulating people and that people are not just reactive organisms that have been shaped byRead MoreUse Of Existential Therapists View Themselves As Companions996 Words   |  4 Pagesit is not a technique-oriented approach which is the complete opposite of CBT; â€Å"this is an active, directive, time-limited, present-centered, psychoeducational, structured therapy† (Cory, 2013, p. 485). CBT has a wide range of cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques to use. Some techniques include completing homework assignments, learning coping skills, role playing, imagery, skills training and many more. Although CBT treatments differ in their form and application, they all emphasize specificRead MoreThe Effects Of Comorbid Alcohol And Depression And Four Solely On Depression1492 Words   |  6 Pagesresults for the effectiveness of psychotherapies, including CBT (either alone or in combination with antidepressant medication). They concluded, however, that the evidence was not yet strong enough, due to the minor numbers of studies they had for their review, the diversity among them and the low methodological qualities of some. The results of these reviews suggest introductory evidence that psychological interventions in particular CBT, may be effective for treating co-occurring disorder. DespiteRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1697 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is one therapeutic approach that is capable of providing this group with effective psychotherapeutic treatment and interventions as well as approaches that enhances the effectiveness and efficiency of group therapy. Often developed for skills training, cognitive-behavioral groups are characterized by the use of practical interventions focused on behavior modification techniques (Wilson, Bouffard, and Mackenzie; 2005). The therapeutic goal of cognitive behavioralRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1565 Words   |  7 Pagesand degree of the traumatic event, the prevalence rates of PTSD in victims have been reported to approach 100%† (Kar, 2011, p.167). Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been used as an effective intervention to assist in regulating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Evidence-based practice, displays that cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) strategy is an excellent way in decreasing the symptoms and risks that occur with post-traumatic stress disorder (Feather Ronan, 2009). The purpose of a program

Corporations and Associations Cases and Materials Management

Question: Discuss about the Corporations and Associations for Cases and Materials Management. Answer: Introduction: The issue in this case is if a contract has been created between John and Vanessa and Li Wu. For this purpose, it has to be considered if the elements that are necessary for the formation of a valid contract between the parties are present in this case or not. The law of contract requires that an agreement between the parties can be considered as a valid contract if elements like offer, acceptance and consideration etc. are present (Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597). Therefore it is required that an offer should be made by one party. The same offer should be accepted by the other party.[1] At the same time, consideration should also be present to support the promise that has been made by the parties to the contract.[2] Apart from it, the agreement should be created for a lawful purpose. In the present case, the flyer issued by John is only an invitation to treat and it is not an offer. The offer has been made by Vanessa and Li when they went to the website of John for the purpose of making the booking. A return of this offer, they received an e-mail in which their booking was confirmed. At this point, a consideration of $80 has also been agreed upon by the parties. In this way, in the present case, the contract was created between John and Vanessa and Li Wu when both of them had received an e-mail from John in which their booking was confirmed. This was also the time when the consideration for the present contract in the form of $80 was given by Vanessa and Li. The terms of a contract can be described as express terms and implied terms. Express terms of the contract are the terms that have been expressly mentioned by other parties before or while entering into the contract.[3] On the other hand, there are certain terms that can be implied in a contract. Such terms can be implied in the contract as a result of statute or on the basis of the facts of the case. In the present case, John had stated in his flyer that he was going to provide a chance to have some fun at the waterfalls of diamond cascades. John also claims to be a professional. At the same time, he also stated in this advertisement the first 50 customers from Melbourne will receive a certificate of Adrenalin Junkie and also a new pair of bathers and a bottle of sunshine. However, when Vanessa and Li got the e-mail confirming your booking, John told them that he was only kidding about these items. At the same time, there is an implied condition that the services shall be provided b y John with due care and skill. This implied condition requires that John should keep in mind the safety of his customers. But this implied condition was breached when John used worn and torn equipment. In the same way, John had mentioned that he was a professional but he failed to notice that at the time of the year, the river was particularly dangerous, especially after the heavy rainfall. Similarly, in this case, there has been a breach of the express term when John had mentioned in the advertisement that he was going to give a new pair of bathers and a bottle of sunshine along with a certificate from Adrenalin Junkies. In this case, although John gave the certificate but he failed to give the bathers and bottle. Hence in this case, there is also a breach of the express terms of the contract. That was created between John and Vanessa and Li. Statutory Guarantees Since January, 2011 there is a unified national consumer Law under which all Australian businesses have to operate. The new law is known as the Australian Consumer Law. This law is applicable to the consumer transactions taking place in all Australian states and territories whether such a transaction has taken place face-to-face or online. Therefore it is important for the Australian businesses to understand the impact of Australian Consumer Law on their present operating practices.[4] The Australian Consumer Law has introduced a new set of protections that are known as the consumer guarantees. These are available to the consumers who are going to buy goods or services from the businesses. The consumer guarantees provided by the ACL have replaced the conditions and warranties that were earlier implied in consumer contracts under the state legislatures and the Trade Practices Act. The consumer guarantees provided by the ACL comprises a comprehensive set of rights and remedies that are applicable in case of defective goods and services. These guides are available to all consumer, irrespective of the fact that any other warranty has been provided by the business. In case of the services provided by business, the following consumer guarantees are applicable to a transaction related with the supply of services. It is required that the services should be provided with due care and skill.[5] The services are required to be fit for purpose if the purpose was made known to the supplier by the consumer.[6] Unless the parties have agreed upon a specific time, the service needs to be provided in a reasonable time.[7] Similarly, the Australian Consumer Law provides that a consumer can seek refund, repairs or replacement if any of the consumer guarantees have been breached by the supplier.[8] However, the exact remedy that may be available to the consumer depends on the guarantee that has been breached by the supplier and also of the nature of the breach. In the present case, John can be held liable for damages as a result of the breach of statutory guarantee according to which the services to be provided with due care and skill. As a result, Vanessa and Li can seek a refund from John and at the same time, they can also claim damages for the broken camera as well as the injuries suffered by Vanessa. Bibliography Baxt, R, Fletcher, K Fridman, S 2008, Corporations and associations: cases and materials, 10th edn, LexisNexis, Butterworths, Sydney, New South Wales Harris, J, Hargovan, A Adams, M, 2013, Australian corporate law, 4thedn, LexisNexis Butterworths, Chatswood, New South Wales McDonald, Barbara (2005). "Legislative Intervention in the Law of Negligence: The Common Law, Statutory Interpretation and Tort Reform in Australia". Sydney Law Review. 27 (3): 443 Deakin, S., Johnston A and Markesinis B (2003) Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law, Oxford University Press Kujinga, Benjamin (2009). "Reasonable Care And Skill The Modern Scope Of The Auditor's Duty". GAA Accounting Tomasic, Roman; Bottomley, Stephen; McQueen, Rob (2002) Audits and Auditors, Corporations Law in Australia, Federation Press BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Shire of Hastings (1978) ALJR 20 Liverpool City Council v Irwin [1976] UKHL 1

Suriname Essay Example For Students

Suriname Essay In this essay I will compare and contrast the approaches and goals of Richard and Sally Price and S. Allen Counter and David Evens on the topic of Maroon arts of the Suriname. I will explain how they present their findings. And tell what I think they would say the most important discovery or confirmation is. After all of this is done I will do follow up art historical research in the same area. The main focus of my research would be why anyone would be interested in finding out more about this particular regionfs art. The calabash maroon arts would be the art form I would research (relying on the experiences of the authors), giving a brief description of the research I would undertake. I will provide information on how I got the much-needed information about this art form. Also stating if I talked to anyone and why. Lastly describing what questions I would want answered if any. First, I would like to talk about the approach that Sally and Richard Price had when doing their research on the Maroon arts of Suriname. I believe the Pricefs approach was to answer what they called what is undoubtedly the most difficult, politically charged and hotly debated aspect of the study of these arts: their deep culture-historical roots. The Pricefs went to Suriname to do research on these archeological people to find out if these Maroon art works such as calabash bowls were truly African in origin, or if they have other sources that have provided an influence on them that is far beyond Africa. There was a re-emergence in the Maroon arts thatfs unexplainable to many scholars that have studied them. The Pricefs term this as a gunique balance of continuity-in-changeh. What this term means is, they feel there was a lack of documentation during these times and the arts where always around and there was no disappearing act. Counter and Evens went to Suriname find Africa. They believe that Africa and the Suriname Maroons have a direct connection other than being of African decent as far as the arts are concerned. I believe both the Pricefs and Counter and Evens had the same goals in mind, which was to find answers. To find out the unknown of these arts of the maroons, but their intentions were totally different. Like I stated earlier, Counter and Evens wanted to find Africa. The Pricefs wanted to study the fact that the arts are not African but of there own, something new. It is safe to say Suriname is mixing pot of African cultures. And the Pricefs explain that there was a geographical spread of African slaves that were sent to the gNew Worldh. You have many different people coming from all over the West Coast of Africa. The Maroons are escaped slaves who fled in the deep jungles of Suriname. When they were left alone in the jungles the maroons had to create a new way of living and so came new cultural experiences. With a new way of living came a new way to communicate with each other. The Maroons created a new language called Creole. Slavery stripped the former free people of their land called Africa. So many things had to be created a new in order for survival, such as the arts. This gave right to the Pricefs to say that, the culture and the arts that come within started in the interior of the Suriname jungles. The Prices say there is a cultural core that was developed on the plantations and with the Amerindians. A good example of this is the origin of the calabash bowls, which is said to be of Amerindian descent. But as it is told in Maroon tradition it is something of there own, not giving way to the originators which proves a point of the Pricefs saying yes the art and culture are of African influences but they do have an outside presents. However, Counters and Evens, debate the fact that yes, the Maroons were out of their native land but by them being isolated deep within the jungles they were not effected by the outside world at first. They say they were able to keep the African traditions and cultures alive. The only reason some of the rituals were changed was do to the evolution of time. Everything must change, just as you see our American Constitutio n need amendments. Like in the Counter and Evens Film I Sought My Brother, a dance that was being done was changed. I believe it was when the men were doing a dance that involved the use of knives. At first when the dance was originated the dance did not involve the use of these knives. .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d , .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d .postImageUrl , .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d , .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d:hover , .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d:visited , .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d:active { border:0!important; } .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d:active , .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3df44ed7ee0a353c2e176329180e7d9d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Procrastination EssayI believe for both teams, the most important discovery or confirmation was the fact that each team got what they were looking for, answers for themselves a kind of self-healing. They both got the answers they were looking for. Counter and Evens concluded that the maroon culture was the same as Africa 300 years ago. Their confirmation came from eyewitness accounts of ancient rituals and ceremonies. That was very similar to that of African customs. They also said that many African words were used in the daily dialect of Creole. There were similar songs and the medicinal practices were almost identical as those of Africa. The jungle was a barrier from the evil world as we now it, the jungle let many changes change only outside of the jungle the jungle kept the African culture alive. As far as the Pricefs are concerned, do to the diaspora of the slaves, interaction between slave owners, plantation owners different African ethnic groups and the ingenuous people of South America. The Maroons culture that once was evolved into what is now, a new culture, a Maroon culture. Now the question lies in my follow up research of the Maroon arts, why would anyone be interested in thin particular regions art work? My answer would be the calabash bowls; how they are produced and their many uses. My research would undertake many museum visits lots of reading and mainly relying on the Suriname Maroons to provide me with the right information to make a conclusion on my questions I would want answered. Such as how long have the calabash bowls been apart of the culture and why women mainly make the bowls. I believe for those questions to be answered I would have to following the footsteps of the many great historians and anthropologist, I would visit this most amazing place called Suriname. Jemell ColeAFH 339SURINAME ESSAY

American Ignorance of War essays

American Ignorance of War essays Creslaw Milosz's American Ignorance of War is a critique of America's obliviousness to the fact that there could exist differences in social orders and values, which could be as natural as the American way of thinking and life. It is important to note here that Milosz goes to great length to prove that different states, such as war, can grow to become as natural a condition as times of peace, since both become part of man's experience. To illustrate this point, he points out that human nature is so geared to survival that it quickly learns to adapt to new living conditions. Therefore, he says, that one can even conceive "of the day when a thoroughly self-respecting citizen will crawl on all fours, sporting a tail of brightly colored feathers as a sign of conformity to the order he Milosz supports his argument in three ways. One, he explains that America's obliviousness is an outcome of Americans never having experienced the trauma of a war or social order that teaches men just how relative their judgments and thinking habits are. Two, he conjectures that the relatively long period of prosperity that Americans have enjoyed has led to the belief that the social order in which they were born and the American value system is the only one that is natural and compatible with human nature. Three, the end result of such American concepts, Milosz feels, is an appalling lack of imagination of what it really means to live with hunger, disease, bombed cities, or the terror of a despotic government. Milosz provides several examples to prove that the American belief in its social order is based on a false and shaky foundation, which could crumble at any time. Using his World War II experiences in Poland, he points out that the ordinary citizen in Eastern Europe, much like Americans today, took for granted the normalcy of his house, work, clothes, and ...

How does CSR affect competitive advantage Essay Example

How does CSR affect competitive advantage Essay Example How does CSR affect competitive advantage Essay How does CSR affect competitive advantage Essay Introduction For many decades, corporate social responsibility (CARS) has been viewed as a waste of resources money, labor, time, etc. which conflicts with the firms responsibility to make profits in order to compensate its shareholders (Friedman, 1970; Henderson, 2001 ; Jensen, 2002; Levity, 1 958; Summary Ninepin, 2004). On the contrary, especially during the last years, many supporters of CARS came up with the argument that CARS provides a company with a series of specific benefits that very often will outweigh the expenditures. Some are even of the opinion that CARS is necessary for equines, both from an economic and a social point of view (Brown Fraser, 2006; Trucker, 1984; Kettle Lee, 2005; Meltzer, 1983; Porter Kramer, 2006). Screech (201 1 ) concludes by writing that the following two related conflicts could be solved by proving that CARS and profit-maximizing interests can go hand in hand: On the one hand, the argument that CARS is Just a waste of resources would be invalidated and on the other hand, CARS expenses could be Justified to the shareholders as compatible with the firms obligations and, thus, legitimate and economically beneficial. Although great amount of literature is being published about the connection of CARS and the financial performance of firms, it still lacks empirical support and is therefore vulnerable to the criticism that this relation is not a grounded fact, but rather wishful thinking by Its proponents (Rollover, Schmidt Runes, 2003; Screech, 2011). Therefore, this article aims at throwing light on the link between CARS and firm performance by assessing how CARS might influence a firms competitive advantage. Specifically, as many companies realize how important it is to attract highly skilled employees as a main component of their competitive advantage (Prefer, 1994; Tech, 1998; Turban Greening, 1997), the focus will be on the link between CARS and human resources. This article will start with a review of previous studies and research in this area, followed by an in depth analysis of relevant and underlying theories that describe how CARS affects competitive advantage via a firms human resources. Ultimately, this article will give Implications for Important future research and the mall findings will be concluded. Previous Research and Studies Although CARS has emerged as an Inescapable priority for business leaders in every entry (Porter Kramer. 2006), there Is no general agreement about whether CARS does contribute to the financial performance of firms or not. A lot of research has been conducted in order to prove the positive relationship between corporate financial performance (COP) and corporate social performance (SSP). Wood (1991 : 693) defines SSP as a business organizations configuration of principles of social responsibility, processes of social responsiveness, and policies, programs, and observable outcomes as they relate to the firms societal relationships. However, the exults of these studies have been inconclusive at best (Donaldson, 1999; Jones Wicks, 1999; McMillan Siegel, 2001; Roman, Hybrid Eagle, 1999). Other studies tried to find conceptual explanations for the lack or the existence of a relationship between SSP and COP, but could not provide answers (McMillan Siegel, 2001 ; society and business need each other now more than ever before. Companies depend on a healthy society, including health care, education, and equal opportunity, but also good government and property rights. These requirements are essential for productive workforce and will furthermore create an expanding demand for business. Simultaneously, this healthy society is also in the need of successful firms. Apart from creating Jobs and wealth, they are the main innovators that improve the standards and quality of living (Porter Kramer, 2006). Hence, it should be in the interest of every firm to conduct CARS, regardless of the possible relationship between SSP and COP. Firms behaving in a socially responsible manner benefit through the subsequent reputation, another topic with a huge body of literature. The reputation f a firm that is built on its social consciousness will not Just temper criticism by the public in case of a crisis (Porter Kramer, 2006), but will also help building a positive relationship to stakeholders, such as investors, suppliers, bankers, and customers (Bombers Channel, 1990). Again, from a financial perspective, reputation plays an extremely important role. Not only will it facilitate access to capital through the emanating positive relationship to investors, but with respect to SSP, reputation also has a higher correlation with COP than any other variable even corporate environmental performance (Brown Perry, 1994; Rollicks et al. , 2003). The return from reputation is, thus, the key to reaping benefits from SSP (Roberts Dowling, 2002). One way of reaping benefits from corporate reputation is by attracting a high quality workforce (Greening Turban, 2000; Turban Greening, 1997). However, the attraction of good employees is not the only channel through which good reputation through CARS affects a firms human resources, possibly leading to a competitive advantage. Research suggests that it also increases the goodwill of current employees towards their employer, which in turn can improve the companys financial outcomes (Davis, 1973; McGuire, Sundered Schneider, 1988; Haddock Graves, 1997). Furthermore, firms can turn instruments such as sponsoring of sports or cultural events into a competitive advantage by improving the morale of their employees and boosting productivity (Porter Kramer, 2002). Supplementary, it has been proved that scandals in regards to CARS will negatively influence employee morale and, thus, the firms performance (Screech, 2011). During the last decades, undress and thousands of articles about CARS have been published, many of them with a strong focus on financial aspects such as the relationship of SSP and COP. Surprisingly few dealt with the influence of CARS on human resources. Greening Turban (2000: 276) analyzed and confirmed that Job applicants will attempt to interview with firms, and will have a higher probability of accepting a Job offer from firms with positive SSP reputation. However, their study is based on a survey of only 39 students and did not focus on what exactly attracts employees and how these causes can be used to create a competitive advantage. Furthermore, a lot has changed during the last years, not only the importance of but also the ways companies pursue CARS. Therefore, these will be the main aspects in the remainder of this article. Theory and Implications for Future Research This section will introduce the most important theories that are relevant for an analysis of the relationship between CARS and competitive advantage. As this article section will start with an explanation of the importance of a quality workforce. Afterwards, theories will be presented which focus on how CARS can influence prospective (via firms attractiveness) or current employees. Quality Employees as a Source of Competitive Advantage There is a reason why statements like our employees are our strength can be found on the homepages and on promoting materials of many companies nowadays. The attraction of superior human resources and retaining them in the firm can provide firms with a sustained competitive advantage (Load Wilson, 1994; Prefer, 1994; Wright, Ferris, Hillier Karol, 1995). Additionally, especially in fields with labor shortage, such as IT or engineering, the attraction of quality applicants is becoming more and more important for the success of companies Jackson Schuler, 1990; Freeman Gowning, 1990). Those organizations that are able to attract the greater applicant pool of top-quality applicants can better utilize their selection system which results in a potential competitive advantage (Load Wilson, 1994; Turban Greening, 1997). As research suggests that employee attraction to a large extent is based on perceptions of the corporate image, which in turn is influenced by the firms SSP (Bombers Channel, 1990), the explanation is given of why many firms promote e. G. Their environmental or philanthropic programs in brochures for prospective applicants (Poe Courier, 1995). They want to demonstrate how socially responsible they act. That this can be successful is confirmed by the finding of Bauer and Amman- Smith (1996) that firms with a stance towards the natural environment are seen as more attractive firms than those without such a stance. The reason why companies should focus more on their employees is that researchers agree that a quality workforce has become more important than other sources of competitive advantage (Greening Turban, 2000). Previously, the success of firms was often attributed to their access to financial markets, product and process technology, patents, the placement of learning curves and economies of scale, etc. However, scholars have noted that the importance of those sources of success has decreased over time, while the selection and management of high quality employees has become a critical factor to success (Prefer, 1994; Snell, Wounds Wright, 1996). Knowledge-Based Theory Similarly, another body of literature suggests that a firms ability to create, manage and transfer knowledge is the key to its success (Feline Westerly, 2007; Grant, 1996), which also points out the importance of a quality workforce as one key to a nominative advantage. Authors suggest that intelligence, motivation, vision, experience, creativity, analytical abilities and commitment are some of the characteristics of quality employees (Tech, 1998). A firms success in the future depends largely on how well it can capture value from those knowledge assets (Tech, 1998). Hence, in order to succeed, a firm must take advantage of its workforce and be able to manage its knowledge. Although high quality employees can be viewed as a necessary condition for success in a modern knowledge economy, it is not a sufficient one (Greening Turban, 2000). The firm has to be able to develop the knowledge and talent into skills and competencies which are valuable, rare, inimitable by competitors, and unsustainable in order to develop a competitive The role of human resources in developing a firms competitive advantage is consistent with the resource-based theory of the firm. This theory suggests that every organization is simply a collection of unique capabilities and resources providing the foundation for the strategy of the organization and being the primary source of its competitive advantage and profitability (Barney, 1991/ 2011; Grant, 1991; Meyer, 1991). It assumes that firms acquire and develop these unique resources and capabilities over time and emphasizes that resources may not be mobile across companies, or easily imitable by other companies (Grant, 1991). As mentioned above, apart from physical resources, also human resources, such as talented managers or high quality employees, are highly important resources for firms (Barney, 1991; Meyer, 1991) and in a global economy, the skills of an organizations workforce are increasingly critical to the development of sustained competitive advantages (Throw, 1992). Additionally, SSP can be viewed as an organizational resource. Investments in SSP may assist firms in developing new capabilities, resources and competencies that are manifested in a firms structure, culture, technology and human resources (Barney, 1991; Russo Bouts, 1997; Heartfelt, 1984). For instance, SSP can help management to develop better processes, scanning skills, or information systems which will better prepare an organization for turbulences, external changes, or crises (Russo Bouts, 1997). The channels through which a companies SSP can affect these resources, especially the human resources, will be subject of discussion later in this article. Signaling Theory Another theory that may be relevant for understanding how a firms SSP may influence human resources, especially the attraction of quality employees, is the signaling theory. There exists a classical information asymmetry between the applicants and the employer. The applicant does not really know how working conditions, corporate culture, etc. Look like in the companies he or she is applying for. Signaling theory suggests that, due to the incomplete information about the company, applicants interpret all the information they receive as signals about e. G. The working conditions in the organization (Greening Turban, 2000). Organizational attributes, for example, provide prospective employees with information about how it would be like to be part of this organization. For instance, a firms formal social programs or policies towards stakeholders or developing political and social issues may attract applicants by serving as signals of the firms goals and commitment. Likewise, the policy to provide day care facilities or to manage diversity has an influence on organizational attractiveness as an employer, because it signals willingness to attract women and minorities and to treat them in a fair manner Greening Turban, 2000; Williams Bauer, 1994). Potential employees might interpret a companys SSP as a signal about its organizational values and norms. These values and norms affect the applicants perceptions of the working conditions and therefore also the companys attractiveness as an employer. Additionally, according to the person-organization fit theory (Kristin, 1996), it is expected that the prospective Job applicants specific values will influence the extent to which a firms SSP influences that attraction (Greening Turban, 2000: 259). Social Identity Theory influences human resources as well. This theory emphasizes that people classify themselves into specific social categories on the basis of different factors, as for example the organization they work for, and that the fact of being a member in those social categories influences peoples individual self-concept (Dutton, Dickered Hairball, 1994; Turban Greening, 1997). Hence, the self-image of employees is influenced by the reputation and the image of the employer. As mentioned earlier, a firms reputation is affected to a large extent by its corporate social performance. Consequently, social identity theory suggests that employees working for a firm with strong SSP will experience positive outcomes, such as an enhanced self-concept, just by being employed in this socially responsible firm (Greening Turban, 2000). Furthermore, as potential employees might expect to experience this enhanced self- concept, the attractiveness of firms that put a strong focus on acting socially responsible is positively affected as well. Definition of Research Gaps After having presented theories that suggest that the right employees can lead to a sustained competitive advantage and that there is relationship between CARS activities of an organization and its human resources, this article will now focus on issues where more research is needed in order to fully understand these relationships. Generally, there exists an almost inexhaustible amount of literature that analyzes the relationship of a firms SSP and its COP. A far smaller body of literature focuses on the link between SSP and human resources. Most of these articles build up theories and make suggestions, but not that much empirical research has been conducted yet to actually prove these theories or to contradict them. Research suggests that potential applicants are very aware of a companys SSP and that companies with a good CARS rating have a competitive advantage, because hey attract a larger amount of applicants and applicants that are of high quality. However, these studies by Greening and Turban (2000) and Turban and Greening (1997) are based on a survey of 39 students or even Just 34, respectively. Also, it can be assumed that those students were aware of the purpose of the study and, thus, were biased in regards to their answers. A study on a large scale needs to be conducted in order to get valuable results. Additionally, it needs to be conducted in different geographical regions of the world, as CARS plays completely different roles in the various societies. While it, for instance, is of great importance in most Western European or the Nordic countries, this is not necessarily the case in many South American or Asian countries. Furthermore, the ways how organizations pursue CARS has changed or at least become broader during the last years. Partnerships of business firms with non-governmental organizations (Nags) had been unthinkable a few decades ago, but have become an important issue nowadays. Many firms grant their employees a certain amount of days off, so that they can engage in Nags they support. Microsoft, for example, allows its employees to take three days off for this repose every year (Thomson, 2012). How do those CARS activities affect the attractiveness of firms? Which CARS activities affect a firms attractiveness the most? Since scholars argue that a quality workforce is becoming an increasingly important source for competitive advantage, these questions need to be addressed by future research. However, CARS does not Just affect a firms human resources via the employers SSP as well. In the framework of Mitchell, Eagle and Wood (1997), employees are seen as a crucial component to success and as a scarce resource. Therefore, they have power, legitimacy and some urgency, and are thus salient takeovers of the firm. It is a logical consequence that they are affected as well, when a firm aims at multiple stakeholders by pursuing CARS. According to Screech (201 1), the idea is that employees will be much more satisfied, if they feel that the beneficiaries of SSP are they, rather than some other external recipients of charitable contributions. Employee satisfaction, in turn, will help retain the employees and reduce turnover (Labeling Freeman, 2000), or positively influence the organizations operational efficiency (Branch Rodriguez, 2006), which can be the source of a competitive advantage. Future research might analyze how and which SSP strategies affect employee satisfaction or investigate if there are moderators that influence this relationship. Conclusion This article suggests that CARS and a firms human resources are interlinked with each other in many different ways. The analysis indicates that a quality workforce is becoming a crucial factor for gaining a competitive advantage and that quality employees can be attracted by a firms SSP. Furthermore, SSP positively influences the employee satisfaction which in turn might lead to a competitive advantage by boosting productivity and efficiency. However, this article aims at showing up areas in which more research has to be conducted in order to fully grasp the influence of corporate social responsibility on the human resources of firms. Especially, empirical research is needed to confirm the theories that have been proposed until now. But also in regards to the constantly changing ways of how companies pursue CARS, it is important to investigate which of them have the greatest impact on employees and their morale. Only then will it be possible for firms to capture the largest benefit of their CARS activities: the creation of a sustained competitive advantage.

Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Depression - Essay Example Depression among the old people is a growing global health concern due to the increasing number of old people within the world populace. Despite the disorder being a major mental health problem, little has been done in terms of research studies to uncover the underlying causes, effects, and mental health requirements of the old. Depression among other people especially the young has been extensively studied and documented due its effects that cause major problems to the health wellbeing of people. Little literature from various research studies targeting depression among the old people is a source of valuable knowledge of the nature, causes, and the mental health effects it has on the old people. Systemic review of research articles on depression among the old provides a synthesis of information collected to give an in-depth view of the disorder. Depression is a state characterized by low moods and hate of activity, which interferes with an individual’s behaviors, feelings, sense of well-being, and general thought process. Depression is one of the major psychiatric disorders that have residual effects on the mental health wellbeing of individuals (Park & Jun, 2013). Depression is characterized by feelings of hate towards activities, loss of memory, cognitive abilities, and general concentration. These lingering symptoms have lasting adverse effects on the mental functionality of an individual. A major problem with the disorder remains the inability of the individuals suffering from the disorder and the people surrounding them to diagnose the disorder. The disorder is more pronounced among the elderly due to the isolation, dependency on others, and failure to diagnose and treat it. Coupled with this is the increased push by governments to cut healthcare costs in the midst of already constrained medical budgets. The eld erly therefore face a problem in that healthcare is already unavailable due to financial